The Orca
This project included researching direct ancestors of the Orca. With this information,we described and presented how different traits were passed down or created from different environments.
PCR Lab
Lab Write Up
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab was to analyze the alu repeats in our dna. We compare our alu repeats to see where our DNA originated from and if the class are still evolving. Also, to understand DNA and evolution, along with biotechnology procedures.
Hypothesis:
My hypothesis for this lab is that I have two alu repeats, in my DNA.
Procedure:
The procedure and materials of this lab,are provided by bay area bioscience education community. You can find a list on babec’s student guide for the lab. http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf
Data:
DNA
Results
1
-/-
2
-/-
3
-/-
4
+/-
As you can see from the photos up top, my results are on the bottom right middle. I have 0 bars, meaning I have no alu repeats.
Analysis:
Most of our results concluded with -/-, meaning they had no alu repeats. These three people had no bands in the gel, showing there were no alu repeats in the DNA. There was only one alu repeat in eight possible locations. I had no alu repeats, with -/-. You can see this with the pictures and that I have no bands. My hypothesis was that I would have two alu repeats. This was incorrect, I had 0 alu repeats. If I had two bands in the gel, I would have two alu repeats. My gel had zero bands. Usually, you can use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but with such a small population, the results will most likely not be accurate. This means we can’t tell if our class evolved. Many students had inconclusive results. I did not make any errors in the lab, this is shown because I have results. This could be from many different mistakes in the procedure, such as forgetting to set the pipets, or leaving their DNA off the ice. These likely resulted in the abundance of inconclusive results.
Conclusion:
I have zero alu repeats in my DNA, shown from the results. The experiment used PCR to see if there were alu repeats in our DNA. The amount of bands shown, determined how many alu repeats were in my DNA. The data shows that my results concluded that I had zero alu repeats. You can see from the picture of the gel, I do not have an alu repeat. Having no alu repeat means that I do not have any junk DNA and my traits are fairly new. The picture shows that I have zero alu repeats in my DNA, because there are no bars.
References of Lab:
Packet with all the information:
http://babec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Alu_Student_Guide_2017.pdf
PCR:
Step by step animation of process:
https://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html
Virtual lab with explanation of each step:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/pcr/
Gel Electrophoresis:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/gelelectrophoresis.html
Hardware Cladogram
Cladogram Story
It all started with two groups: the Plastica and the Metallica. The plastica were the attractive and very different in looks yet weak class, while the metallica were the strong and common class. The Plastic class was split into 3 genuses, some evolved to become white because they camouflaged with their arctic environment. Some evolved to become gray, to be camouflaged in the ocean. The third genus of plastica was orange in an attempt to fool predators into thinking they were toxic. The Plastica’s colorful qualities attracted predators and the Land, Ocean, and Arctic Plastica became endangered.
For the metallica class, first came the roundis order. The roundis order has 5 families: The domed family, the larger than 1-inch family, the smaller than 1-inch family, split family, and threads family. The domed family evolved to have domed shells to protect them from predators. These organisms have hardened shell when a predator tries to bite it their teeth will shatter.. The larger than 1-inch family evolved to have larger bodies to have fewer predators attack them. The smaller than 1-inch family have smaller bodies so they can camouflage themselves from predators. The split family has a half spiral shape so it will let them catch their prey easier. The threads family have a thread so they can climb trees to get food for their survival. Underneath the threads family the winged genus. The winged genus has wings and thread that allowed them to fly and climb unlocking additional food options.
The next order in the Metallica Class was the Blacken Order. This was the order of the black metal. The Blacken Order was split into 3 different families; the No Thres family, the Thres family and the Double-Ended Family. The Purge of Predators forced many of the black metals into their shelters. This made them have to dig holes to stay safe. Since the No Thres family and the Double-Ended Family had a harder time digging, most of them were killed by their predators.
The next order is the Coppera order. The coppera order is split into 2 major families threads and no threado family. The threads family allow them to climb. Underneath the threads family, there is the hookdo and flat tope genus. The hookdo genus allows them to climb and hang them self this allow them to catch prey while hanging down. The flat tope genus allows them to climb a tree and drill them self into the tree itself and feed on the trees nutrients. The no threado family feed on the ground, unlike the threads famil. underneath the no threado family there is the large fined genus, the large flattop genus allows them to sting and stung organisms that come, and eat them.
It all started with two groups: the Plastica and the Metallica. The plastica were the attractive and very different in looks yet weak class, while the metallica were the strong and common class. The Plastic class was split into 3 genuses, some evolved to become white because they camouflaged with their arctic environment. Some evolved to become gray, to be camouflaged in the ocean. The third genus of plastica was orange in an attempt to fool predators into thinking they were toxic. The Plastica’s colorful qualities attracted predators and the Land, Ocean, and Arctic Plastica became endangered.
For the metallica class, first came the roundis order. The roundis order has 5 families: The domed family, the larger than 1-inch family, the smaller than 1-inch family, split family, and threads family. The domed family evolved to have domed shells to protect them from predators. These organisms have hardened shell when a predator tries to bite it their teeth will shatter.. The larger than 1-inch family evolved to have larger bodies to have fewer predators attack them. The smaller than 1-inch family have smaller bodies so they can camouflage themselves from predators. The split family has a half spiral shape so it will let them catch their prey easier. The threads family have a thread so they can climb trees to get food for their survival. Underneath the threads family the winged genus. The winged genus has wings and thread that allowed them to fly and climb unlocking additional food options.
The next order in the Metallica Class was the Blacken Order. This was the order of the black metal. The Blacken Order was split into 3 different families; the No Thres family, the Thres family and the Double-Ended Family. The Purge of Predators forced many of the black metals into their shelters. This made them have to dig holes to stay safe. Since the No Thres family and the Double-Ended Family had a harder time digging, most of them were killed by their predators.
The next order is the Coppera order. The coppera order is split into 2 major families threads and no threado family. The threads family allow them to climb. Underneath the threads family, there is the hookdo and flat tope genus. The hookdo genus allows them to climb and hang them self this allow them to catch prey while hanging down. The flat tope genus allows them to climb a tree and drill them self into the tree itself and feed on the trees nutrients. The no threado family feed on the ground, unlike the threads famil. underneath the no threado family there is the large fined genus, the large flattop genus allows them to sting and stung organisms that come, and eat them.
Key Concepts
Evolution- the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Cladogram - a diagram showing the relation of species through common traits
Taxonomy - The classification of Species
Sympatric Speciation - The creation of species in the same region
Allopatric Speciation - The creation of a species in a different geographical region
Speciation - The creation of a new species
Gene - a sequence of DNA that encodes information for and organism
Cladogram - a diagram showing the relation of species through common traits
Taxonomy - The classification of Species
Sympatric Speciation - The creation of species in the same region
Allopatric Speciation - The creation of a species in a different geographical region
Speciation - The creation of a new species
Gene - a sequence of DNA that encodes information for and organism
Reflection
My group did well with our productivity in both the Cladogram and the PCR lab. Our group followed the procedure and we got results. For the Cladogram we overcame difficulties with absent students and were able to finish the work. My group did not do well with our attitude and empathy with each other. i did well with leadership and cooperation. I think I could improve by helping my teammates, and making sure we all understand what needs to be done.